Carbon
LGA Model
6 key properties govern the structure and binding energy of a nucleus. Understanding these will help science explore the hidden behavior of atoms and lead to new discoveries.
6 key properties govern the structure and binding energy of a nucleus. Understanding these will help science explore the hidden behavior of atoms and lead to new discoveries.
Carbon isotopes 11–14 have each been modeled from binding data by applying the rules of the Liquid Gravity Atomic (LGA) model.
1. Structure Assembly
Build the most stable nuclear configurations by arranging nucleons outward from the center in all directions. Nucleons pack tightly in layers that nest together, building optimized stacking orders with the lowest energy for each isotope.
2. Linking Circuits
Identify the circuits that connect protons to neutron chains. These circuits adopt repulsion-driven arrangements that maximize separation between like (positive) terminals and minimize separation between opposite (negative) terminals, producing characteristic distortions of the overall nuclear shape.
Key Linkage Rules:
-Protons cannot couple directly to each other.
-Multiple neutrons may chain together if they originate from the same proton.
-Two protons may co-share a single neutron, and one proton may co-share two neutrons.
3. Kiss-Points
Locate each “kiss point” and assign the relationship between the two nucleons. Each relationship has a defined charge expressed in MeV (Mega electron volts). For example, a proton-proton kiss point has a repulsive charge with a Coulomb value of -1.69 MeV, whereas a proton-neutron kiss point has a value of +1.69 MeV.
4. Gravity
While kiss point charges are uniform regardless of their location within the nucleus, the gravity value changes dramatically based on where the kiss points are situated relative to the collective center of mass. The Carbon 11–14 samples show a significant variation in gravitational profiles based on the different structural features of each model.
5. Tidal Values
Just as in the macroscopic world, where gravity affects the tides—causing the sea to rise and fall from the gravitational influence of the moon—the collective and local gravitational forces of the nucleons cause the negative binding energy to accumulate at various heights at each kiss point. This Tidal Gravity Value is added to the charge value to determine the individual binding energy at each touch point.
6. Stability Factors
Using this highly accurate map of energy distribution, we can begin to identify features that may cause beta decay or orbiting nucleons. In the case of Carbon-12, we see a "cresting" structure resulting from electrical repulsion pushing a pair of opposite nucleons to balance on two touch points rather than nesting on three. Stability is achieved by the repulsive forces of the outer pair of nucleons pushing from both sides, while the touch points are bound by the gravitational grip pulling them toward the center of the nucleus.
Results
The results speak for themselves, demonstrating a staggering level of increased accuracy compared to other models.
Conclusion: The LGA model improves accuracy for Carbon 11–14 by 5.5 orders of magnitude compared to the Liquid Drop Model (LDM).
Mainstream science, primarily utilizing the Liquid Drop Model, does not attempt to model an atom’s nucleus with structural precision. This is based on the premise that the nucleus is comprised of a collection of loosely packed nucleons that randomly pulsate within a confined space. Conversely, the Structured Atomic Model (SAM) does attempt to define a specific structure based on its own set of rules; however, it relies on an approximate method for calculating binding energy that fails to accurately reproduce observed data. While Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) should theoretically be able to calculate binding energies, physicists claim the calculations are too vast and complex for existing technology (though it is possible the underlying premise itself is flawed).
The Liquid Gravity Atomic Model utilizes existing data to build a profile of interactions between nucleons. These rules can be scaled across the entire spectrum of elements and their isotopes. The examples below analyze Carbon-11 through Carbon-14, identifying their unique structures by reverse-engineering observed binding data.
Notable Features:
Carbon-11
Carbon-11 is built on three tri-structured layers with single capping nucleons at the top and bottom. This thin ($3 \times 5$) formation is unusual, as it sits well outside the "stability rule" where layer count should equal width ($3 \times 3$). However, this configuration provides a more accurate binding energy result than other tested models. Analysis reveals a pairing of protons to a single nucleon at each level, with the center layer producing a **Helium-3** structure that shares a circuit. Compared to other carbon isotopes, it has the lowest MeV per nucleon; this is due to a gravitational profile stretched long and thin, resulting in lower tidal margins and reduced binding energy.
Carbon-12
Carbon-12 is notable for its dramatic increase in binding energy. This is caused by a unique "cresting" formation of a proton and neutron that are uniformly pushed out onto the ridges rather than nesting in the valleys of the adjacent layer. This occurs due to the repulsive charges of the surrounding nucleons on the neighboring layer. Having only a **double "kiss point" connection**—rather than the typical triple connection—significantly reduces the gravitational tide levels, which in turn concentrates energy in the other two levels. These levels consolidate their gravitational apex around the remaining kiss points, similar to an alpha particle, producing higher binding energies.
Carbon-13
Carbon-13 is a uniform nucleus that provides a waypoint for determining kiss point values. While the structure is very similar to Carbon-12, it has a much lower binding energy due to the way an extra neutron stabilizes the bottom layer into a nesting configuration. Consequently, the gravitational profile is evenly distributed in both directions, moving the central kiss points away from the center of mass and reducing tidal levels.
Carbon-14
Carbon-14 has nearly the same kiss point MeV average as Carbon-13, with only a minor change caused by the extra neutron capping the top layer. This slightly stretches the gravity profile around the top kiss points. While this pushes Carbon-14 into "unbalanced" levels, it remains a slow beta-decayer due to its stable structure. Carbon-14 is best known for its role in radiocarbon dating, facilitated by its half-life of 5,700 years.
Mainstream science suggests that protons carry a positive charge while neutrons remain neutral, implying that the strong nuclear force is the sole mechanism holding the nucleus together against the electrostatic repulsion of protons.
The Liquid Gravity Atomic Model (LGAM) introduces a paradigm shift. We propose a new way to understand electrical forces, viewing protons and neutrons as collaborative components that form integrated nuclear circuits. While the broader evidence for this is explored in our Atomic Structure section, this page focuses specifically on the circuits discovered within the four carbon isotopes.
The Mechanics of Nuclear Circuits
In our models, nuclear architecture is not random; it follows specific geometric and physical rules:
Proton Distribution:
Because protons naturally repel one another, they distribute themselves as widely as the cluster geometry allows.
Gravitational Compression:
Countering this repulsion is the force of gravity, which works to pull nucleons into a dense, cohesive clump.
Quark Orientation:
Inside each nucleon, quarks with varying degrees of positive and negative charge create internal polarity. These charges orient the nucleons, allowing opposite quark charges to attract and establish a "circuit path" ready to receive the charge pulse from the protons.
Carbon Isotope Architecture
We observe consistent patterns of proton and neutron distribution across adjacent isotopes because they are already in optimal positions. However, carbon reveals a significant **architectural step-change**:
Carbon-11: Features a compact, 3-nucleon tri-structure core.
Carbon-12: Introduces a major shift to an octagon geometry with a 7-nucleon core.
This structural evolution in Carbon-12 changes the entire architecture, and the subsequent carbon isotopes follow this modified 7-nucleon core structure.
Mainstream science uses a combination of the Liquid Drop Model and the Shell Model to predict the binding energy of isotopes; however, these models typically produce average results rather than identifying the binding data of individual nucleons. Using existing theories, attempts to calculate individual nucleon binding data remain computationally over-complex.
In contrast, the Liquid Gravity Atomic (LGA) Model utilizes a structural approach governed by the rules of electromagnetic attraction/repulsion and gravitational forces. Once the model is constructed, the "Kiss Points"—where nucleons physically contact one another—are cataloged and their relationships identified. By mapping these locations, the value of each individual "kiss point" is calculated and then summed to compare against empirical measurements. This method produces a highly accurate map of all contact points, providing a structural lattice of known values that offers insight into the specific strengths or weaknesses of a nuclear structure.
Carbon-12 serves as a "candle isotope," providing a baseline measurement due to its uniform and symmetrical structure. These values can then be applied to other isotopes that share similar regions but lack symmetry. Just as astronomers use Type 1a supernovae as "standard candles" to measure distances in space, the LGA Model identifies candle isotopes to establish the foundational measurements for its calculations.
Term Definition: Candle Isotope
An LGA Model term for a nucleon structure (like Carbon-12) so uniform and symmetrical that it serves as a reliable baseline for measuring individual nucleon binding forces. It is named after the "Standard Candles" of astronomy, which provide fixed reference points for universal measurements. Other key candle isotopes are Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3, Helium-3, Helium-4 Oxygen-16, and Iron-57
